There's no built in functionality for installment payments. You'd need to just do a month by month plan or use Stripe Checkout or PayPal and they can do installments through them (e.g. PayPal Credit).
paid in 3 equal monthly installments that when paid, gives them a 3 year subscription?
It might be possible to do this with CB Auto Actions. Basically it'd be a month by month plan and after the 3rd month move them into a different plan with your 3 year duration - 3 months.
So you'd first setup your plan however you wanted then make a copy of it and set its duration accordingly (3 years). It'll then get a bit more complicated from there setting up cancelling of the previous subscription on the third renewal and creating the new subscription for the 3 year plan, but it's doable.
I don't typically recommend extending lines of credit to users though. Letting payment processors handle the installment payments or the user themselves via credit cards is generally a much safer option for you.