You can't, because there is no SQL function to handle your situation. Normally you'd use REGEXP, but you allow the field to be empty in some situations and you can't have an empty REGEXP in SQL as it will fatally error the SQL. The best way to do this is to not filter the userlist at all and just have the field searchable so the user can search whatever team they want. There maybe an SQL function to handle this though, but beyond REGEXP usage I'm not aware of one. You're welcome to check in the below MYSQL documentation though.
dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/func-op-summary-ref.html
It's relatively simply to check for a single value in a list of values as shown earlier, but checking for a list of values in a list of values becomes a lot more complicated for SQL; especially if either side of the operator can be empty.
I'm not entirely sure the below will work, but it maybe worth a shot. Idea is to condition the filter entirely.
Code:
[cb:if cb_team!=""]`cb_teams` REGEXP REPLACE( '[cb_teams]', '|*|', '|' )[/cb:if]
Note the above assumes your field is a select field so it replaces |*| with REGEXP "or" usage of |.