it is just the TextArea fields I'll have to edit from within CB to restrict their length
Typically, yes.
If a TextArea is resized to a lower value, will the data within be truncated?
On store, yes. New users won't be able to type past the limit. Existing values won't truncate.
Can I change the type (from within CB) without data loss?
Typically, yes, but you should make a backup before doing so.